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From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (05 January 2017) [foldoc]:
horizontal encoding
An instruction set where each field (a bit or
group of bits) in an instruction word controls some
functional unit or gate directly, as opposed to {vertical
encoding} where instruction fields are decoded (by
hard-wired logic or microcode) to produce the control
signals. Horizontal encoding allows all possible combinations
of control signals (and therefore operations) to be expressed
as instructions whereas vertical encoding uses a shorter
instruction word but can only encode those combinations of
operations built into the decoding logic.
An instruction set may use a mixture of horizontal and
vertical encoding within each instruction. Because an
architecture using horizontal encoding typically requires more
instruction word bits it is sometimes known as a {very long
instruction word} (VLIW) architecture.
(1995-04-23)